The stunning outcome leaves May battling to unite different factions in her party and reliant on a handful of Northern Irish parliamentarians just nine days before Britain starts the tortuous process of negotiating its departure from the EU.
May's Conservatives lost their parliamentary majority in Thursday's vote and need the support of the 10 MPs from Northern Ireland's DUP to have a majority.
But media reports suggest they had demanded the departure of May's joint chiefs of staff, Nick Timothy and Fiona Hill, as the price for allowing the 60-year-old vicar's daughter to stay in office.
The Downing St. resignations came as May worked to fill jobs in her minority government and replace ministers who lost their seats on Thursday.
Phillip Lee, a junior minister under May, said in an interview that he did not believe she should step down, but that the government would have to respond to the voters' will by changing its direction on crucial issues - including Brexit, where he said a softer approach may be required than the hard break May has pitched.
Many of those Conservatives now opposing May are those who wanted to remain in the EU. She was listening only to a small group of aides, and they failed to get her out and interacting with crowds.
"I can still be prime minister".
But former party leader Iain Duncan Smith said a leadership contest now would be a "catastrophe".
Britain's Prime Minister Theresa May returns to Downing Street with her husband Philip after traveling to Buckingham Palace to ask the Queen's permission to form a minority government, in London, June 9, 2017.
Wollaston also said she was opposed to the death penalty and creationism being taught in schools, policies that have been supported by some DUP politicians.
The outcome risks upsetting the political balance in Northern Ireland by aligning London more closely with the pro-British side in the divided province, and increases the chance that Britain will fall out of the European Union in 2019 without a deal.
The EU and United Kingdom have to forge a deal by March 2019.
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"And if, as the indications have shown and if this is correct that the Conservative Party has won the most seats and probably the most votes, then it will be incumbent on us to ensure we have that period of stability - and that is exactly what we will do".
In the big book of political blunders, Theresa May's decision to hold a snap election to solidify her Brexit mandate will rank among the most memorable - and the most unnecessary.
Also, in the event a coalition government can not be formed or falls apart at a later date and the minority government is unworkable, a general election will need to be called.
An under-pressure Ms May had made clear her determination to secure support from "friends and allies" in the DUP ahead of the Queen's Speech on 19 June.
No mandate for her.
But Elmar Brok, a German conservative and the European Parliament's top Brexit expert, told the Ruhr Nachrichten newspaper that the talks would now be more complicated. The main opposition Labour Party took 262.
Prime Minister Theresa May has invited Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster for talk further talks on a potential "confidence and supply" deal early next week.
"Imagine she survives until autumn of next year", he said.
"We would be able to speak freely if they weren't around and if they were around you don't speak", Perrior told the BBC.
"From hubris to humiliation", said the left-leaning Guardian, while the Times headline read: "May stares into the abyss".
May called the DUP her "friends and allies", and aims to have an informal partnership with them to govern.
May has already ruled out a major cabinet reshuffle, and most of the senior government members, such as the Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, will maintain their posts.
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